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CHAPTER 5 INSTALLING UBUNTU Figure 5-12. Choose your preferred monitor resolutions from the list. If you are prompted for this information, you ll need to choose not only the main day-today resolution, but also any other resolutions that you might want to use occasionally, such as lower resolutions. You should consult your monitor s manual to find out its optimal resolution, although Ubuntu will make a guess that s probably correct. Generally speaking, most 15- and 17-inch traditional CRT monitors run at 1024 768 resolution, while 17-inch LCD screens will most likely run at 1280 1024. If you have a 15-inch or 14-inch LCD screen, it will most likely run at 1024 768. Most modern notebook screens also tend to run at 1024 768. Use the cursor keys to highlight the relevant option and, if it s not already selected (there isn t an asterisk there), press the spacebar to select it. Note that the list will scroll when you reach the bottom. When you re finished, use the Tab key to select OK, and then hit Enter. Following this, package installation will continue for a bit longer. Step 14: Boot for the First Time When installation has finished, the system will boot straight into the Ubuntu login screen, as shown in Figure 5-13. From here, you can progress to Chapter 7 to learn how to get started. Alternatively, if you ve run into any problems, see Chapter 6.
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44 CHAPTER 5 INSTALLING UBUNTU Step 12: Wait During Package Installation Following the reboot of your PC, you will see lots of complicated-looking text scrolling down your screen. Don t worry this is just the standard Linux boot procedure. Soon after this, the graphical boot process will start, and you ll see the Ubuntu logo in the middle of the screen with a progress bar showing how far along it is. Beneath this a list of boot items will slowly appear as Ubuntu starts up. Again, don t worry if some of these read Failed instead of OK. Error messages when Linux is booting aren t necessarily bad things, as they are with Windows! Often, they re just telling you something that you might want to take note of but that you can otherwise ignore. After the boot process has finished, package installation will start. This will take anywhere between 15 and 30 minutes, during which time you ll see a progress bar on screen, as shown in Figure 5-11. Figure 5-11. Package installation will take up to half an hour. Step 13: Configure Your Monitor Toward the end of the package installation, you may be asked to set the resolutions for your monitor, as shown in Figure 5-12, although this depends on your hardware setup. In many instances, Ubuntu will choose the correct settings and not bother you.
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CHAPTER 5 INSTALLING UBUNTU Figure 5-9. The GRUB boot loader is the menu that appears when you boot, allowing you to choose between Ubuntu and Windows. Step 11: Reboot for the Second Installation Phase Following a little more copying and installing, Ubuntu will reboot and begin the second phase of installation, as shown in Figure 5-10. You should make sure that the installation CD is no longer in the CD-ROM drive, and then press Enter. Note that you are now finished with the installation CD. Figure 5-10. A quick reboot is needed to start the second installation phase. Make sure you remove the installation CD from the CD-ROM drive!
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CHAPTER 5 INSTALLING UBUNTU Figure 5-8. A good username is simple, and it s best to base it on your first name. The username should be one word without any spaces in it. You can choose any username consisting of uppercase and lowercase letters, but try to avoid symbols and punctuation, because these can create problems later on. Additionally, the username cannot begin with an uppercase letter, although you can use uppercase in the rest of the username. The simplest procedure for choosing a username is to use your own first name, typed entirely in lowercase letters. For example, when I installed Ubuntu, I typed my real name as Keir Thomas and chose keir as my username. Following this, you ll be asked to enter a password. Here, the rules are the inverse of those for your username. A good password contains numbers, uppercase and lowercase letters, punctuation marks, and anything else you can get in there! This helps make your password almost impossible for someone else to guess, and thus makes your system more secure. (If you want to be really secure, create a password that s ten or more characters long.) You ll need to enter the password twice; the second time confirms that you didn t make a typo the first time around. Step 10: Install the GRUB Boot Loader If Windows is also installed on the same hard disk as Ubuntu, you ll be asked if you want to install the GRUB boot loader onto the PC s master boot record, as shown in Figure 5-9. The GRUB boot loader is the menu that will appear when you first boot, from which you ll be able to choose either Ubuntu or Windows. It s pretty essential, so you should select Yes. Then hit Enter.
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CHAPTER 5 INSTALLING UBUNTU software packages rely on other software packages, so often software that will never be used directly is installed. Step 8: Set the Time Zone Depending on your location, the next step may be to set the time zone for your locality, as shown in Figure 5-7. For example, users in eastern United States will choose Eastern Standard Time. This setting also allows Ubuntu to update your system clock to take into account Daylight Saving Time (or similar schemes used throughout the world). Figure 5-7. Choose the time zone appropriate to where you live. Depending on your location, you may have an option to use GMT/UTC. If you re dual- booting with Windows, you should decline this option because it can cause your PC s clock to be set incorrectly. If Linux is the only operating system on your PC, you should choose GMT. Step 9: Set Your Real Name, Username, and Password Next, enter your real name and your username, as shown in Figure 5-8. The real name is how you ll be formally identified on the system to anyone who uses the system. The standard practice is to use your full name, including first and last names, separated by a space. The username is how the computer itself will identify you. It s what you ll use to log in to the system, for example. This needs to be unique (two users on the same computer cannot have the same username), and there are rules about which characters you can use.
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40 CHAPTER 5 INSTALLING UBUNTU Using Existing Free Space If you re an advanced user who has already freed space on your hard disk using a third-party partitioning tool, or if you deliberately set up Windows using a partition size that didn t take up the entire hard disk, you can simply select the Use largest continuous free space option. Ubuntu will then automatically partition your hard disk, and all you need to do is confirm that you want to write the changes to disk. Step 7: Wait During Automated Package Copying The next stage is the automated copying from the CD-ROM of packages, as shown in Figure 5-6. Initially, these are copied to your hard disk. Later, they will be installed and set up. Note Packages are single files that contain the individual program files and data. They re analogous to Windows program installation files. Figure 5-6. Ubuntu will copy all the necessary installation files to your hard disk. Unlike some varieties of Linux, Ubuntu doesn t ask you to make any choices regarding which software you want to install. It takes a one size fits all approach, which means that every installation of Ubuntu is exactly the same straight out of the box. However, you can add or remove programs very easily once the system is up and running. Don t worry about the names of the packages as they flash by on the screen. Some might seem quite strange, complicated, or even irrelevant. The way Linux works means that some
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CHAPTER 5 INSTALLING UBUNTU that Windows needs a little spare space to write temp and system files, not to mention files for the users, such as Word documents. At the very least, you should allow around 500MB to 1GB on top of the minimum Windows partition size recommended by Ubuntu. A handy hint is that you can simply type 50%. This will split the free space in half, giving 50% to Ubuntu and leaving Windows with 50%. A neat and easy compromise! Throughout the procedure, bear in mind that Ubuntu needs around 2GB to be able to function correctly, so you should create at least this much free space. After the resizing, the automatic partitioning tool will take over. This automatically creates the partitions necessary for Ubuntu. You ll see a warning about writing changes to your disk, as well as a warning about how data may be destroyed. If you wish, you can highlight the Go Back option to check the choices, but in nearly all cases, the default choices made by Ubuntu are correct, so you can simply highlight Yes and hit Enter. Deleting the Windows Partition Deleting the Windows partition on your main disk will remove all the data from your hard disk, including the Windows operating system (if it s installed). Ubuntu will then take over the entire hard disk. If you re happy with this choice, simply use the cursor keys to select the Erase entire disk: IDE1 master (hda) choice. Caution Be careful not to select the option marked Erase entire disk and use LVM. This is an option for a different kind of Ubuntu setup used by experts. Following this, you ll be asked to confirm the partitioning choices. The default options will be fine in most cases, so simply highlight Yes and hit Enter. Installing on a Separate Hard Disk Installing Ubuntu on a hard disk you ve added especially for this purpose is very similar to installing it on the primary hard disk. Beneath the menu option for erasing the disk should be a second similar option, along the lines of Erase entire disk: IDE1 slave (hdb), followed by the name and model of the second drive. You should select this option. Caution Make sure that you select to install Ubuntu on the slave drive. Do not select the option relating to the master drive! Doing so will erase all the data on your primary disk, including your current Windows installation. Once the choice has been made, the automatic partitioning tool will step in, and you can simply select Yes. Then press Enter to continue with the installation.
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38 CHAPTER 5 INSTALLING UBUNTU Step 6: Partition the Disk Partitioning the disk is one of the most important steps during installation although, unfortunately, it s one that s also couched in difficult terminology. Ubuntu does its best to make partitioning easy. You have four main options when it comes to disk partitioning: install on a hard disk that also contains Windows, install on a second hard disk, delete an existing Windows partition, or use free space that already exists on your hard disk. Sharing a Hard Disk with Windows If you re thinking of installing Ubuntu on a hard disk that has Windows on it, Ubuntu can shrink the Windows partition to make space (provided you have enough free space; see Chapter 4 for details). Simply select the top option in the menu, which should read something like Resize IDE1 master, partition #1 (hda1) and use freed space, as shown in Figure 5-5 (what you see may vary slightly from this). Figure 5-5. You can opt to shrink the Windows partition that s already on the disk. Following this, you ll be prompted to type in a new size for the Windows partition. Ubuntu will tell you the minimum and maximum sizes for this partition. On my test PC, I was told the minimum size was 1.4GB and the maximum was 30GB. In other words, the Windows partition had around 1.4GB of data, and I couldn t shrink it beyond this. You have two main considerations here: you must shrink the partition to have enough space for Ubuntu but also maintain enough space to allow Windows to function correctly. Although you might choose to shrink the Windows partition to its minimum size, bear in mind
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CHAPTER 5 INSTALLING UBUNTU Step 4: Wait During Hardware and Networking Autodiscovery Next, you can sit back for a few moments while Ubuntu probes your hardware and configures everything to ensure that installation progresses smoothly. You ll see a progress bar indicating its status, as shown in Figure 5-4. Figure 5-4. Ubuntu will automatically discover your hardware to ensure the installation runs smoothly. Ubuntu will also attempt to configure your network connection at this stage. It may fail in this attempt, reporting an error relating to something called DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), but this isn t a problem. Just press Enter in the error dialog box, and then use the cursor keys to highlight Do not configure the network at this time (being offline won t hinder installation in any way). Step 5: Set a Hostname Following autodiscovery, you ll be asked to set a hostname for the computer, a slightly archaic requirement. The hostname is the name under which your computer is identified in networking environments, as well as at the command line. (Part 4 of this book describes how to use the command line.) Although the hostname is essential to how Linux works, it s not something you need worry about. You can enter your own name or go with the default choice of ubuntu it s up to you! Once you ve made your choice, simply press Enter to move on.
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36 CHAPTER 5 INSTALLING UBUNTU Step 2: Select Your Language One of the design goals of Ubuntu is to be usable by just about anyone in the world. Ubuntu supports a massive list of languages, and the first step in the installation routine is to select one, as shown in Figure 5-3. It offers many eastern and western European languages, as well as Asian languages. The default is English. Figure 5-3. Choose your language and then your locale. This will be your first experience with Ubuntu s keyboard-based navigation system, and it s a good example of how easy it is to use. Just use the up and down arrow keys to highlight whichever language you want to select, and then press the Enter key. Following this, you may be asked to select your exact version of the language, which will be based on your locale. For example, residents of the United Kingdom might want to choose UK English. Once again, simply use the cursor keys to highlight your selection, and then hit Enter. Step 3: Confirm Your Keyboard Layout Next, you ll be asked to confirm the keyboard layout you ll be using. This should correspond to your language and locale settings, and will be automatically selected, so you can just hit Enter. If, for whatever reason, you don t know what keyboard layout you re using, you can opt to discover it. Use the cursor keys to highlight Find your layout by pressing some keys. This will take you through a quiz during which the installation program uses a process of logical deduction to discover your keyboard layout. Alternatively, if you think your choice is correct, you might want to test it by selecting the Test your keyboard option. If you find the keyboard doesn t work as expected, choose the option to discover its layout.
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