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CHAPTER 7 BOOTING UBUNTU FOR THE FIRST TIME Of course, you can fill the desktop with stuff if you want to do that. As with Windows, you can save files to the desktop for easy access. In addition, you can click and drag icons from any of the menus onto the desktop in order to create shortcuts. Along the top of the desktop, you see three menus: The Applications menu is the equivalent of the Windows Start menu. Here, you ll find access to all the software available under Ubuntu. The Places menu is somewhat like My Computer in Windows, in that it gives quick access to locations within the file system. The System menu is a little like the Windows Control Panel, in that it allows you to change various system settings. The counterpart of the Windows Recycle Bin lives at the bottom right of the screen as a small icon and is called the Wastebasket. Although diminished in stature compared to the Windows representation, it works in a similar way: you can drag icons and files onto the icon in order to delete them, and you can click it to open the Wastebasket and salvage files. The mouse works largely as it does in Windows, in that you can move it around and click on things. You can also right-click virtually everything and everywhere to bring up context menus, which usually let you alter settings. And you should find that the scroll wheel in between the mouse buttons lets you scroll windows. Whenever Ubuntu is busy, an animated circular icon will appear that is similar in principle to the hourglass icon used in Windows. It also appears when programs are being launched. You can shut down or reboot your PC by selecting the System . Logout menu option. Caution Bear in mind that Ubuntu isn t a clone of Windows and doesn t try to be. Although it works in a similar way by providing menus, icons, and containing programs within windows there are various potholes in the road that can trip up the unwary. WRONG RESOLUTION! You might find when you boot up that Ubuntu has defaulted to the wrong resolution. In other words, everything might be a little too large or too small. You might have trouble reading text, for example, or you might find that program windows fill the screen to the extent that their contents partially disappear off the edges. Changing the resolution is simple. Select System . Preferences . Screen Resolution from the menu (at the top of the screen). In the Resolutions drop-down list, select the appropriate resolution for your monitor. For a 17-inch CRT monitor, the standard resolution is 1024 768 (although some people prefer 800 600). Most 17-inch TFT screens run at 1280 1024 resolution. If you have a 15-inch CRT monitor (common on PCs made before 2000), you ll probably find 800 600 a maximum setting; others prefer 640 480. A 15-inch TFT screen will usually run at 1024 768 resolution. If in doubt as to your monitor s resolution, consult your monitor s manual for more information.
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66 CHAPTER 7 BOOTING UBUNTU FOR THE FIRST TIME Exploring the Desktop After you ve logged in, you ll see the welcoming tan and brown theme of the Ubuntu desktop, as shown in Figure 7-3. Feel free to click around and see what you can discover. There s little chance of you doing serious damage, so let yourself go wild and play around with your new operating system! Tip Although you can t damage the system by messing around, you might find that you somehow cause programs to work incorrectly. Don t worry if this happens. You can always create a new account for yourself following the instructions in Chapter 30. When using this new account, you should find all the settings are returned to normal, and you ll be back to square one! Figure 7-3. Feel free to experiment with the Ubuntu desktop and see what you can discover. First Impressions The first thing you ll notice is that the desktop is clean compared to Windows. You don t have a lot of icons littering the screen.
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CHAPTER 7 BOOTING UBUNTU FOR THE FIRST TIME one of the buttons on the bottom-left side of the screen, you can also opt to reboot the system or shut it down. Figure 7-2. Type your username, then enter your password, and then press Enter to log in. The user account you created during installation is similar to what Windows refers to as an administrator account. This means that the account you use on a day-to-day basis can also change important system settings and reconfigure the system. However, the main difference between Ubuntu and Windows is that you ll need to enter your password to make any serious changes. Don t worry about damaging anything accidentally; trying to reconfigure the system or access a serious system setting will invariably bring up a password prompt. You can simply click the Cancel button if you don t want to continue. Note Unlike some versions of Linux, Ubuntu doesn t encourage the user to use an actual root (or administrator) account. Instead, it operates on the principle of certain ordinary users having superuser privileges that allow them to administer the system. The user account you create during setup has these privileges.
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CHAPTER 7 BOOTING UBUNTU FOR THE FIRST TIME Figure 7-1. The default choice is fine on the boot menu, so press Enter to start Ubuntu. You should find that you also have an entry for Windows, located at the bottom of the list. To boot into Windows, simply use the cursor keys to move the selection to the appropriate option, and then press Enter. As well as entries for Ubuntu and Windows on the boot list, you should see an entry ending in (recovery mode). This is a little like Safe Mode within Windows, in that the system boots with conservative system settings, and you should be able to make repairs to the system if something has gone wrong. However, in Ubuntu s recovery mode, you re presented with a command-line prompt. When you update your system software, you might find new entries are added to the boot menu list. Without exception, the topmost entry is the one you ll want each time to boot Ubuntu. This will ensure you start the system with the newest version of the system software. The entries beneath this will start the system with older versions of the system software and are provided in the unlikely situation that the latest software causes problems. Note All operating systems need a boot loader even Windows. However, the Windows boot loader is hidden and simply starts the operating system. Under Ubuntu, the boot loader usually has a menu, so you can select Linux or perhaps an option that lets you access your PC for troubleshooting problems. When you gain some experience with Ubuntu, you might choose to install two or more versions of Linux on the same hard disk, and you ll be able to select among them using the boot menu. Logging In After Ubuntu has booted, you should see the login screen, as shown in Figure 7-2. Here, you enter the username and the password you created during the installation process. By clicking
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CHAPTER 7 Booting Ubuntu for the First Time Now that Ubuntu is installed, you ll no doubt want to get started immediately, and that s what Part 3 of this book is all about. In later chapters, we ll examine specific details of using Ubuntu and getting essential hardware up and running. We ll also look at personalizing Ubuntu so that it works in a way that s best for you on a day-to-day basis. But right now, the goal of this chapter is to get you doing the same things you did under Windows as quickly as possible. This chapter explains how to start up Ubuntu for the first time and work with the desktop. It also looks at how some familiar aspects of your computer, such as using the mouse, are slightly enhanced under Ubuntu. Starting Up If you ve chosen to dual-boot with Windows, the first Ubuntu screen you ll see is the boot loader menu, which appears shortly after you switch on your PC. If Ubuntu is the only operating system on your hard disk, you ll see a brief one-line message pointing out that if you press a key, you can access this boot menu. You won t need to do so unless you want to access the recovery mode boot settings. In fact, if Ubuntu is the only operating system on your computer, you can skip to the next section. Note The boot loader is actually a separate program called GRUB. This program kicks everything off and starts Ubuntu. The boot loader menu you see when your PC is set to dual-boot has three or four choices, as shown in Figure 7-1. The top one is what you need to boot Ubuntu. The Ubuntu option will be selected automatically within ten seconds, but you can press Enter to start immediately.
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PART 3 The No-Nonsense Getting Started Guide
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CHAPTER 6 SOLVING INSTALLATION PROBLEMS 59 7. After selecting the color depth, the configuration file will be written to disk, and you ll be returned to the command prompt. You can now reboot and try out the new settings. Table 6-1. Typical Monitor Resolutions Monitor Size Typical Resolutions CRT Monitors 14 inches 800 600, 640 480 15 inches 800 600, 640 480 17 inches 1024 768, 800 600, 640 480 19 inches 1280 1024, 1024 768, 800 600, 640 480 20 inches 1600 1200, 1280 1024, 1024 768, 800 600, 640 480 TFT Screens 14 inches 1024 768 15 inches 1024 768 17 inches 1280 1024 19 inches 1280 1024 Summary This chapter s goal was to address problems that might occur during the installation of Ubuntu. It discussed preinstallation, installation, and postinstallation issues. It also covered how to use the X.org reconfiguration utility to configure the graphics subsystem, which may be necessary if the installation program failed to properly recognize your graphics card or monitor. You should now have Ubuntu installed. The next part of this book focuses on helping you get everything up and running. You ll learn essential skills and become a confident Linux user.
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CHAPTER 6 SOLVING INSTALLATION PROBLEMS 4. You re asked to enter some technical characteristics of your monitor. You can choose the Simple, Medium, or Advanced option; each requires you to enter progressively more information. In most cases, the Simple option should suffice and simply involves entering the physical size of your screen (such as 15 or 17 inches). However, if after completing these steps you find you still have problems, you might try repeating the configuration and choosing the Advanced option, which will ask for the horizontal and vertical scan rates of the monitor. You can find this information in the monitor s manual or, if that s not available, by searching online for the specification list of your model, as shown in Figure 6-4. Figure 6-4. A quick search on the Web will reveal the specifications of most monitors. 5. You re asked to confirm that you want to write the monitor synchronization ranges to the configuration file. You can select Yes here. 6. You re asked to enter the color depth you wish to use. All modern graphics cards are capable of 24-bit color, but if you have an older card with less memory, you might choose 16 from the list. Once again, if you find that the graphical configuration doesn t work after completing these steps, you might wish to return to this step and try decreasing the value.
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CHAPTER 6 SOLVING INSTALLATION PROBLEMS 6. You re asked if you wish to provide any special keyboard definitions. This is an interesting option you might like to explore in future, but you can ignore it for now. Simply leave the field blank on the next screen. 7. You re asked if you want to emulate a three-button mouse. Linux is designed around a three-button mouse system, rather than the two-button mouse used with Windows (or the single button used on the Apple Macintosh). Emulation of a three-button mouse means that when the left and right buttons are clicked at the same time, the computer thinks a third button has been pressed. Emulation isn t necessary with most modern mice because the scroll wheel is configured as the third button, so you should select No here. 8. You re asked if you want to configure the up and down action of a mouse scroll wheel as additional button presses. You can answer No to this option. 9. You re shown an information screen discussing modules. Select OK, and you ll be invited to select from a list. Once again, Ubuntu does the hard work for you, and the modules will be automatically selected. All you need to do is select OK at the bottom of the screen. 10. You re asked to confirm that you want to write the Files section to your X.org configuration file. You should certainly select Yes here. 11. You re asked to confirm that you want to add a DRI entry to your X.org configuration file. Again, select Yes. If you find your display still doesn t work correctly after completing these steps, you might start again, and select No for this option. Monitor Configuration Now it s time to configure your monitor. 1. As before, you can choose to autodetect the monitor, but if your graphical system isn t working, there s a chance that this feature is incompatible with your system. Therefore, you should opt not to autodetect. 2. You re asked to enter an identifier for your monitor. Anything will do, and the default Ubuntu suggests is usually fine. 3. Select from the list the resolutions you would like to be available to use under Ubuntu. Highlight each entry in the list and press the spacebar, so that an asterisk appears alongside it. See Table 6-1 for guidance on which resolutions you should choose. Most notebooks run at 1024 768, regardless of screen size, although some more high-end models might run at higher resolutions, particularly if they are wide-screen models (refer to your notebook documentation). Note TFT screens are designed to run at a single optimal resolution, rather than at a range of resolutions. Therefore, you should select only one resolution from the list if you have this type of monitor.
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56 CHAPTER 6 SOLVING INSTALLATION PROBLEMS 1. You re asked whether you want the configuration program to autodetect your keyboard layout. This is perfectly acceptable, so select Yes. 2. You re invited to enter your keyboard layout. This takes the form of two-letter country codes, the type used throughout the world. For example, a United States keyboard layout is indicated by typing US. United Kingdom users will want to type UK. Australian users should type AU. For a complete list of world country codes, see www.iso.org/iso/ en/prods-services/iso3166ma/02iso-3166-code-lists/list-en1.html. 3. You re asked to enter the XKB rule set you wish to use. The default answer is fine for most users, so highlight OK. 4. You see an information screen describing keyboard models. In a nutshell, most recent English-based keyboards are pc104 models, which is to say they have 104 keys (see Figure 6-3). If you re using an older keyboard that does not have the Windows keys to the left and right of the spacebar, you should enter pc101. Highlight OK, press Enter, and then enter the correct choice. Figure 6-3. If your keyboard has a Windows key, it s a pc104 model. Otherwise, select pc101. 5. Next is another information screen discussing the use of additional keyboard rules. If you have an English-based keyboard, you can ignore this step, and leave the field in the next screen blank.
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